Function arguments

So far we have used function arguments in a basic way; this is the way that is familiar from mathematics:

# Load the Numpy package, and rename to "np"
import numpy as np

np.cos(0)

1.0

Here is another Numpy function, from the random sub-package of the Numpy library. We get to the sub-packages with the dot . - so to get to the random sub-package, we use np.random. Then, to get to the functions in this sub-package, we use the dot again, like this:

np.random.randint(0, 2)

1

Remember, this is a random integer from 0 up to, but not including 2, so it is a random integer that can either be 0 or 1.

Now let us look at the help for the np.random.randint function. As usual, we do this by appending ? to the function name, and pressing Enter in the notebook.

# To see the help for np.random.randint, remove the # at the beginning
# of the next line, and execute this cell.
np.random.randint?

We find that the function can accept up to four arguments. We have passed two. The first sets the argument called low to be 0, and the second sets the argument called high to be 2.

To take another example, in this case we are asking for a random number starting at 1 up to, but not including 11. This gives us a random integer from 1 through 10. low is 1 and high is 11.

# Random integer from 1 through 10.
np.random.randint(1, 11)

5

If we pass three arguments, we also set the size argument. This tells the function how many random numbers to return. The following asks for an array of four random integers from 1 through 20:

# Four random integers from 1 through 20.
np.random.randint(1, 21, 4)

array([13,  6, 11, 16])

Notice that this is an array.

Now look again at the help. Notice that the help gives each argument a name — low, high, size. We can also use these names when we set these arguments. For example, the cell below does exactly the same thing as the cell above.

# Four random integers from 1 through 20, using keyword arguments.
np.random.randint(low=1, high=21, size=4)

array([13, 19, 11, 20])

When we call the function using the arguments with their names like this, the named arguments are called keyword arguments.

Passing the arguments like this, using keywords, can be very useful, to make it clearer what each argument means. For example, it’s a common pattern to call a function with one or a few keyword arguments, like this:

# Four random integers from 1 through 20.
np.random.randint(1, 21, size=4)

array([19,  8, 10,  4])

Writing the call like the cell gives exactly the same result as the cell below, but the cell above can be easier to follow, because the person reading the code does not have to guess what the 4 means — they can see that it means the size of the output array.

# Four random integers from 1 through 20 - but no keyword argument.
np.random.randint(1, 21, size=4)

array([12,  5,  8, 12])

To take another example, we have already seen the function round. Inspect the help for round with round? and Enter in a notebook cell.

round takes up to two arguments. If we pass one argument, it is just the value that round will round to the nearest integer:

round(3.1415)

3

If we pass two arguments, the first argument is the value we will round, and the second is the number of digits to round to, like this:

round(3.1415, 2)

3.14

As you saw in the help, the second argument has the name ndigits, so we can also write:

round(3.1415, ndigits=2)

3.14

As before, this makes the code a little bit easier to read and understand, because it is immediately clear from the name ndigits that the 2 means the number of digits to round to.